Occupational Turnover and Quality of Employment
The Case of Independent Workers in Latin America
Keywords:
Occupational Turnover, Independent Workers, Latin AmericaAbstract
Self-employment continues to be a very relevant type of labor insertion in Latin America where, at least, a quarter of occupied people are non-salaried workers. From a dynamic point of view, in turn, this group of workers exhibits patterns of labor turnover significantly different from those experienced by wage earners. This is particularly important in a region characterized by very marked economic cycles and scarce coverage of social protection. This paper analyzes the occupational mobility of independent workers in six countries of the region -Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay and Peru-, between 2002 and 2015. In particular, it estimates the intensity of the transits of these workers in comparison with employees, analyzes the characteristics of these transitions and identifies the factors associated with them. This evidence allows us to evaluate the validity in the case of Latin America of the hypotheses usually used to analyze the behavior of other labor markets.
Downloads
References
Alba-Ramirez, A. (1994). Self-employment in the midst of unemployment: the case of Spain and the United States. Applied Economics, 26, 189-204.
Amarante, V. y I. Perazzo (2013). Trabajo por cuenta propia y monotributo en Uruguay. Revista Internacional del Trabajo, 132 (3-4), 623-641.
Amarante, V. y Dean, A. (2012). Dinámica del mercado laboral uruguayo. Serie documentos de trabajo del Instituto de Economía. Recuperado de http://fcea.edu.uy/images/IECON/Archivos/documentos_de_trabajo/dt-17-12.pdf
Beccaria, L. y R. Maurizio (2004). Inestabilidad laboral en el Gran Buenos Aires. El Trimestre Económico, 71(283-3), 535-573.
Beccaria, L. y Maurizio, R. (2009). Factors associated to poverty mobility in Breater Buenos Aires. Journal of Income Distribution, 18(2), 270-296.
Beccaria, L. y Maurizio, R. (2018) “Labor turnover in Latin America. How intensive is it and how differently does it behave across countries?, International Labour Review, en prensa.
Banerjee, A. y Duflo, E. (2003). Do firms want to borrow more? Testing credit constraints using a directed lending program. The Review of Economic Studies, 81(2), 572-607.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt046
Bertranou, F. (2007). Economía Informal, Trabajadores Independientes y Cobertura de la Seguridad Social en Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. Santiago: OIT.
Bertranou, F. y Casallí, P. (2007) Los trabajadores independientes y la Seguridad Social, Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social. Buenos Aires: OIT.
Bertranou, F. y Saravia, M. (2009). Trabajadores independientes y la protección social en América Latina: desempeño laboral y cobertura de los programas de pensiones. En Bertranou, F. (coord.), Trabajadores independientes y protección social en América Latina (pp. 85-110). Uruguay:OIT.
Bertranou, F. y Maurizio, R. (ed.) (2011). Trabajadores Independientes, Mercado Laboral e Informalidad en Argentina. Buenos Aires:OIT.
Blanchflower, D. y Oswald, A. (1991). Self-Employment and Mrs. Thatcher’s Enterprise Culture. CEP Working Paper, 30, 1-60.
Blanchflower, D. y Oswald, A. (1998). What Makes an Entrepreneur? Journal of Labor Economics,16(1), 26-60.
Blanchflower, D. (2004). Self-employment: More May not Be Better. Swedish Economic Policy Review, 11(2), 15-74.
Blau, D. (1985). Self-employment and self-selection in developing country labor markets. Southern Economic Journal, 2(52), 351-363.
Cagetti, M. y De Nardi, M. (2003). Entrepreneurship, frictions, and wealth. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, staff report, 322.
Cea, S., Contreras, M., Martínez, C. y Puentes, E. (2009). Trabajadores por Cuenta Propia: ¿Quiénes son? ¿De dónde vienen? ¿Para dónde van? Serie Documentos de Trabajo 308. Chile: Facultad Economía y Negocios-Universidad de Chile.
Cerruti, M. (2000). Intermittent employment among married women: a comparative study of Buenos Aires and México City. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 31(1).
CEPAL-OIT (2019). Coyuntura Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe. El futuro del trabajo en América Latina y el Caribe: antiguas y nuevas formas de empleo y los desafíos para la regulación laboral (20). Recuperado de https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/44604-coyuntura-laboral-america-latina-caribe-futuro-trabajo-america-latina-caribe
CIET (2018). Informe de la Conferencia, Conferencia Internacional de Estadísticos del Trabajo, OIT (20ª). Recuperado de https://www.ilo.org/stat/Publications/WCMS_644600/lang--es/index.htm
Cox, D. (1972) “Regression Models and Life-Tables”, Journal Royal Statistical Society, 34(2), 187-220.
Cuadros, J. y Jiménez, L. (2004). Inserción laboral desventajosa y desigualdades de cobertura previsional: la situación de las mujeres. Serie Financiamiento del Desarrollo, 142. Santiago: CEPAL.
EUROFUND (2017). Exploring self-employment in the European Union, Research Report, Publications Office of the European Union. Recuperado de https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2017/exploring-self-employment-in-the-european-union
Evans, D. y Jovanovic, B. (1989). An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints. Journal of Political Economy, 97(3), 808-827.
Evans, D. y Leighton, L. (1989). Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship. American Economic Review, 79, 519-535
Fajnzylber, P., Maloney, W. y Montes-Rojas, G. (2006). Micro-Firm Dynamics in Less Developed Countries: How Similar are they to those in the Industrialized World? Evidence from Mexico. World Bank Economic Review, 20, 389-419.
Farber, H. (1999). Mobility and stability: the dynamics of job change in labor markets. En Ashenfelter, O. y Card, D., Handbook of labor economics (2439-2483). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Holtz-Eakin, D., Joulfaian, D. y Rosen, H. S. (1994). Sticking it out: Entrepreneurial survival and liquidity constraints. Journal of Political Economy, 102(1), 53-75.
Hussmanns, R. (2004). Measuring the informal economy: from employment in the informal sector to informal employment. Working Paper, 53, 1-32.
ILO (2002) Resolution concerning decent work and the informal economy (285th Session, Seventh item on the agenda). Recuperado de https://www.ilo.org/asia/info/WCMS_098314/lang--en/index.htm
ILO (2019). Labour market access - a persistent challenge for youth around the world. A study based on ILO’s global estimates for youth labour market indicators. Recuperado de https://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/publications/WCMS_676196/lang--en/index.htm
Kalbfleisch, J. y Prentice, L. (1980). The Statistical Analysis of failure time data. Nueva York: Wiley.
Kugler, A. (2000). The Incidence of Job Security Regulations on Labor Market Flexibility and Compliance in Colombia: Evidence from the 1990 Reform. Washington: IDB Research Network. Recuperado de https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/The-Incidence-of-Job-Security-Regulations-on-Labor-Market-Flexibility-and-Compliance-in-Colombia-Evidence-from-the-1990-Reform.pdf
Lancaster, T. (1990). The Econometric Analysis of Transition Data. Econometric Society Monographs Nº 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lanzilotta, B. (2009) “El empleo por cuenta propia y la cobertura de la seguridad social en el Uruguay”, en Bertranou, F. (coord.) Trabajadores independientes y protección social en América Latina, OIT-BPS.
Mandelman, F. y Montes-Rojas, G. (2007). Microentrepreneurship and the Business Cycle: Is Self-Employment a Desired Outcome? Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Working Paper 2007-15. Recuperado de https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=998582
Maurizio, R. (2010). Inestabilidad en el mercado de trabajo. Un análisis dinámico para Argentina.La Plata:Editorial de la Universidad de La Plata (en prensa).
Maurizio, R. (2011). Movilidad ocupacional de los trabajadores independientes en Argentina. Un análisis de su intensidad, características y determinantes. En Bertranou, F. y R. Maurizio (ed.), Trabajadores Independientes, Mercado Laboral e Informalidad en Argentina (119-188). Buenos Aires: OIT.
Montes-Rojas, G. y Siga, L. (2009). On the Nature of Micro-Entrepreneurship. Evidence from Argentina. Applied Economics,41(21), 2667-2680.
MTEySS (2006). La heterogeneidad del cuentapropismo en la Argentina. Serie Estudios. Subsecretaría de Programación Técnica y Estudios Laborales, 4 (pp.193-226). Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social.
OECD / European Union (2017).The Missing Entrepreneurs 2017: Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264283602-en.
OIT (2016). Las mujeres en el trabajo. Tendencias 2016. Ginebra: OIT. Recuperado de https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_483214.pdf
Pietrobelli, C., Rabellotti, R. y Aquilina, M. (2004). An empirical study of the determinants of self-employment in developing countries. Journal of International Development,16(6), 803-820.
Rissman, E. (2003). Self-employment as an alternative to unemployment. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, working paper, 2003-2034.
Rissman, E. (2006). The Self-Employment Duration of Younger Men over the Business Cycle. Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 14-27.
Rubery, J., Smith, M. y Fagan, C. (1999). Women’s employment in Europe. Londres: Routledge.
Ruffo, H. (2011). El trabajo independiente en los registros de la Seguridad Social. En F. Bertranou y R. Maurizio (ed.), Trabajadores Independientes, Mercado Laboral e Informalidad en Argentina. OIT: Buenos Aires.
Saavedra, J. y Torero, M. (2000). Labor Market Reforms and Their Impact on Formal Labor Demand and Job Market Turnover: the case of Peru IDB Research Network Working Paper 394.
Weller, J. (2005) Los jóvenes y el empleo en América latina. Desafíos y perspectivas ante el Nuevo escenario laboral. Bogotá: Mayol. CEPAL- GTZ.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Desarrollo Económico. Revista de Ciencias Sociales
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Manuscript acceptance by the Journal implies the simultaneous non-submission to any other journal or publishing house, and the non-exclusive transmission of the author´s patrimonial rights in favor of the editor, who allows the post-print version use, under the Licencia Creative Commnos Atribución-NoComercial-Compartir Obras Derivadas Igual 4.0 Internacional (CC-BY-NC.SA 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es). Articles can be shared, copied, distributed, modified, altered, transformed into a derivative work, executed and publicly communicated, provided a) the authors and the original publication (Journal, Publisher and URL) are mentioned, b) they are not used for commercial purposes, c) the same terms of the license are maintained.
It is hereby stated that the mentioned manuscript has not been published and that it is not being printed in any other national or foreign journal.
The authors hereby accept the necessary modifications, suggested by the reviewers, in order to adapt the manuscript to the style and publication rules of this Journal.
